Interpretive Paradigm in Psychology
Nelly Marhayati*
*State Islamic Institute of Bengkulu
e-mail: nmarhayati@iainbengkulu.ac.id
Abstract

The Purpose of this article is to know interpretive paradigm in Psychology. When researchers examine cultural behavior, especially the experience of individuals then to detect and describe some aspects of the implied culture, hidden rules, the meaning of rituals and worship in a cultural society, they should use interpretive paradigm. The interpretive paradigm in the field of psychology is a foundation for qualitative research methods. A qualitative approach can be used when the researcher understands the informants’ point of view more deeply, dynamically and will explore various factors simultaneously and can be used in informal situations. There are four types of qualitative research paradigms namely ethnography, case studies, phenomenology and grounded theory.
Keywords: case studies, ethnography, grounded theory, interpretive paradigm, phenomenology
Introduction
In recent years, an interest shift in psychology research methodology occurs in which quantitative declines into qualitative methods. In contrast, psychology method is mostly dominated by quantitative methodology. This occurs due to most doctoral degree in psychology are achieved through qualitative thinking as various scientific conference, symposium, and workshop accommodate qualitative research. Moreover, there are many qualitative articles provided in indexed journals. The articles are also used as reference in qualitative methodology subject in psychology. 
The following qualitative journal articles are obtained from indexed journals such as Elliott, Audsley, Runck et al (2018). These articles examined the issues in a qualitative way with grounded theory approach of self-efficacy in suicidal client case study. The researcher found a model for counselor to enhance their self-efficacy in dealing with client case study. Later, this model is applied to improve pragmatic practice and supervision towards students. Wake (2018) used autoethnography approach that concerned on personal experience that involved researcher as main informant. This experience aimed to determine frustration level, resistance, and immigrant resilience lived in Australia. Furthermore, autoethnography is a method that highlights the researcher skills in reflecting themselves through the life experience story in order to reveal cultural hybridity, identity, tradition, as well as other life experiences. 
Maulana, Obst, and Khawaja (2018) in their respective studies employed qualitative approach to show Indonesian student perspective of wellbeing. According to 30 informants who delivered semi-structured questions, it was revealed that wellbeing is an achievement of basic needs, good relationship between family and community. In addition, the key point of wellbeing is the existence of positive view towards self-acceptance, gratefulness, and spirituality.
Marhayati (2017) conducted a qualitative research with ethnography approach about acculturation strategy in Tabut community, Bengkulu. The results of interview found that out of four Berry’s acculturation strategies, Tabut community tends to choose integration as their acculturation strategy. Likewise, Mehra (2003) employed qualitative method with case study approach in 3 students of Asian-Indian descent to find adaptation and acculturation experience among students who live in new country they lived. 
Another example of qualitative research is a psychobiography or in-depth analysis of particular individual, such as public figure, celebrity, leader who represent a culture or country. Basically, the researcher will collect empirical proof to compile personal profile of individual observed. The data are collected through diary, speech, memoir letter, interview, and eyewitness explanation. Psychobiography research provides detailed description on how behavior is formed and changed during certain cultural condition (Shiraev and Levy, 2012: 43-44)
Diverse qualitative research and approach applied in previous studies show that variety of data analysis also could be employed in a research with qualitative method.  Furthermore, it can benefit research result with qualitative method in psychology which has been dominated by quantitative research methods. 
The qualitative approach assumes that human being is an active creature, has freedom and will, has behavior that is influenced by culture, regardless of the cause-effect law. Eventually, it is logic if being said that qualitative research is a research aimed at understanding the objects. It is not for the purpose of finding laws and generalization, but for extrapolate (Suryabrata, 2000; Alsa, 2010).
Paradigm in scientific field is in charge of organizing all activities in any fields. Notions of paradigm are varied such as, a) the scientific paradigm, is a tradition that is coherent about law, theory and scientific assumptions to create a specific approach to a problem; b) the scientific paradigm is a series of assumptions that include the substance of theory and belief about the method that can be carried out by a scientist to collect data and conduct test theory; c) the scientific paradigm, according to Thomas Khun (1970), is a universally-recognized scientific achievement at a time that presents a model of problem formulation and problem solving for a particular community of practitioners
Furthermore, Khun (1970) suggested that paradigm consists of direction of observed object, types of the questions to be answered and the way of delivering questions, the way the question are structured, research method employed to answer statement of the problems, the way to interpret and analyze the collected data (in Hanurawan, 2016).  
Paradigm shift in science commonly occurs when past paradigm is no longer valid and relevant at certain times. Even in an exact scientific field, experiencing a paradigm shift is normal. Thomas Khun referred such changes as a scientific revolution (Khun, 2012).
Therefore, paradigm shift occurred in psychology, from positivism to interpretive, is normal and inevitable. Nevertheless, as a dynamic that must be accepted as a part of development in psychology, psychology scientists should embrace this shift to keep psychology science remain relevant to the progress of the age.
Foundations of Interpretive Paradigm Philosophy
Positivistic approach in behavioral science has been debatable, specifically for philosophy experts and generally for research methodology experts. The reason behind this debate is positivists’ view that concern all symptoms including mental symptoms and behavior from a quantitative empirical point of view. The critics agree that positivistic studies overlook value, behavior, motive, motivation, and individual belief who affects one’s behavior (Hanurawan, 2012).
The chosen research method is highly related to issues or statement of problem discussed. The researcher chooses quantitative method when the problem correlates with behavioral tendencies, correlation among variables or between group and another behavior. For instance, studies examining “The effect of parental physical violence and parenting on the delinquency behavior of children", "The influence of learning models and teacher teaching styles on children's learning achievement”. In quantitative research, the collected data are in numeric which later to be analyzed with certain statistic methods.
Additionally, qualitative research involves data collection in naturalistic verbal report. For example, interview script or written statement in which data analysis employs textual analysis and brings interpretation of the text. Later, this interpretation is transcribed into detailed narrative of informant perception, comprehension, and meaning of main issue. It is also consistent with the theoretical commitment of most qualitative researchers who emphasize that there is an important meaning of language as a fundamental foundation in communicating, interpreting and understanding humans (Smith, 2014: 3).
Philosophical foundation of interpretative study refers to fundamental ontology, epistemology, and axiology of this method. Furthermore, fundamental ontology of interpretive paradigm highlights a view of the deepest reality about a research phenomenon that is plural. This plural phenomenon will be revealed into consciousness and individual experience during his/her interaction with that certain condition. Such ontology view is different from ontology in positivistic or quantitative research which asserts that the deepest reality of phenomena is one. In qualitative research, those plural phenomena are revealed by using plural methods, number of methods in collecting data. In term of data collection, it comprises observation, in-depth interview, document, and reflection journal.
Epistemology foundation in interpretive research could be seen on how a phenomenon is understood by individual. In addition, it is conducted with real involvement with individual world and also understanding about the way informant delivers the significance of that experience. The meaning given by the informant to a phenomenon or event or object is always mediated by the social and historical context as the background of one's life.
Meanwhile, the axiology basis of interpretive research relates between science and value, or between research method and value. Interpretive method suggests that the obtained scientific knowledge is not value free. This is regarding to qualitative research experts who believe that results of interpretation process to phenomenon contain personal values as well as specific socio-culture values. According to interpretive study, informant comprehension and meaning in understanding a phenomenon cannot be separated from informant socio-cultural background (Hanurawan, 2012; 59-62).
Qualitative research is conducted especially in natural setting in which the researcher does daily activities as if not in an observation condition. A qualitative research attempts to distinguish and describe some implied cultural aspects, hidden regulations, and unrevealed phenomena. In other words, qualitative research discusses contexts that are difficult to be measured, conceptualized, and defined operationally by standard quantitative research such as personal experience, dream, picture, symbol, and behavior related to local wisdom (Shirev and Levy, 2012:43).
Qualitative approach in psychology is generally employed by exploring, describing, and interpreting informant’s personal and social experience instead of attempting hypotheses test in a sample or population. A number of qualitative studies emphasize in organizing and constructing meaning discursively. Yet, it is according to main theoretical foundation, historical context and appropriate with main theme of the study.
Moreover, qualitative research is commonly applied when the researcher is interested in exploring and understanding one central phenomenon, like a process or an event (Alsa, 2010). Sugiyono (2014: 24-25) suggests that qualitative research can be conducted under following circumstances:
a.	The discussed issue is still unclear. This problem requires the researcher to directly dealing with the problem to conduct grand tour question. Therefore, the problem is solved properly. This model encourages researcher to explore an object.
b.	Will understand the meaning of visible data. Most social phenomena cannot only be understood through what is said, since every word said often has particular meanings that are different from what is said.
c.	To understand social interaction. A complex social interaction can only be understood through a qualitative study, in which the researcher directly involve and observe an existing social interaction to obtain clear interaction patterns.
d.	Understanding one’s feeling through an observation and in-depth interview. A qualitative researcher can directly feel of what is felt by the informant.
e.	To develop theory. Through a qualitative study, a researcher can develop a theory. Early stage of theory development involves discovery and in-depth data collection that further make up a hypothesis which reflects a relationship among symptoms. The hypothesis was then verified through a process of re-collecting data, so the proven hypothesis can become a thesis or theory.
f.	To assure data validity. Through a qualitative study, data validity can be revealed using a data triangulation method or combined data to guarantee the validity. The researchers should collect data until it saturates. Saturated data are achieved when informant’s answers tend to be the same. It's like looking for a provocateur, that the process won't stop before all the informant's answers are fixed on the same person. If the informant's answer is still different, the search for provocateurs will continue.
g.	To study the history of development. The history of development of the life of a person or figure can be examined through a qualitative study using documentation, in-depth interview with actors or people who know about the history.
Discussion
Interpretive Research Paradigm
According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994:99), paradigm is “a basic set of beliefs that guide action. Paradigms deal with first principles, or ultimate.” Guba (in Cresweel, 2007:19) also defined paradigm as a basic set of beliefs that guide action. Based on the definition of paradigm, it could be inferred that paradigm is a foundation or basis for individual in doing things, or in this case doing a research that contains a number of particular assumptions, theories, models and solutions about the subject matter, goals and nature of the study material that has been agreed upon by a community of scientific research.
	The development of postmodernism has some significant impacts on lifestyle and human thought in the third millennium. These impacts also contribute to development of behavioral research, including psychology. The impacts could be seen from the emergence of new alternative approaches in research methodology. These new approaches are originated from the dissatisfaction of psychology scientists with the results of positivistic paradigm that are way too focus on the design of psychological study in the scope of laboratory, experiments and statistical analysis.
	Interpretive paradigm aims to reveal meaning of the informant or participant in his personal and social life. Moreover, this approach expects to get a holistic picture of a phenomenon through informant’s point of view. The main objective of interpretive paradigm is to understand the meaning of various experiences, events and status that participants have. Thus, a detailed examination of participant’s life is needed. This approach also seeks to explore experiences and emphasizes individual perception or personal opinion about an object of event experienced. Interpretive paradigm emphasizes the formation of meaning both from the point of view of participants and researchers, thus making cognition has a central role as a tool to analyze data or finding. This approach has a strong commitment to the individual’s personality as a cognitive, linguistics, affective and physic, thus arguing that there is a relationship between one’s thought and his emotional status. However, the researcher must be aware that there will be difficulties for informants in expressing what they think and feel. This makes informant reluctant to reveal the truth. In addition, an interpretive researcher must be able to interpret mental and emotional status of what is said by the informant (Smith & Osborn, 2014).
	Interpretive paradigm is also called qualitative study which aims to obtain a holistic picture of meaning that is very appropriate to be used in a study that raises problems that are: explorative, descriptive and explanative. Thus, a qualitative study must be based on the point of view of the phenomenon, where the objectives are built on the formulation of a particular situation as believed by a certain individual or social group, as it is from the informant’s opinion, and do not have to be forced in accordance with the theory.
	The difference between qualitative and quantitative research relies on the aim, in which the qualitative aims to describe findings or phenomena, and present them as it is based on the fact or finding. On the other hand, quantitative approach aims to test theory, build a fact, show relationship among variables, provide statistical description, estimate and predict the results.
Interpretive Paradigm in Psychology
	Positivistic paradigm that emphasizes more on the quantitative aspect in psychology is considered as the implementation of principals in natural science into psychology field. Thus, some experts of alternative psychology study consider that positivistic approach do not provide spaces for choices, freedom, individuality and social responsibility existed in human beings as an object of study in psychology. The consequence of this dissatisfaction motivates the emergence of a new methodology that can complement the limitations of positivistic approach. According to Smith (1995) in Hanurawan (2016: 57-58), the development of this new approach is built on some basic principles: 
1.	Psychological study should be carried out in real-life or natural settings.
2.	Psychological study needs to recognize the main role of language and discourse in the construction of psychological symptoms.
3.	Human life and psychological study are understood as activities that take place in a reciprocal process or as interactive and dynamic activities.
4.	Psychological study should be interested in psychological symptoms that are personal and individual rather than symptoms that are measured in form of variables and that involve subjects with a large group scale. 
It can be concluded that this new psychological approach emphasizes more on an individual life. In addition, the interpretive paradigm in psychological field begins to admit the position of language as a creator of the construction of individual’s psychological reality. The qualitative study in psychological field also emphasizes on individual experiences.
The development of qualitative interpretive method on humanity symptoms and individual experiences has been conducted in anthropology, sociology and educational fields that aims to discover humanity phenomenon. The qualitative interpretive paradigm in psychology has several characteristics as follows:
1.	A relativistic metaphysical view. Interpretive researchers have an ontology view that reality is something built through an intersubjective social process. This means that a reality exists as a result of a social recognition by a certain community in an intersubjective way.
2.	The epistemology of interpretive paradigm is intersubjective or transactional. This means that validity or correctness of knowledge as a result of study is the result of agreement between researcher and subject of the study.
3.	The axiology of interpretive paradigm is a study that contains value, both ethical and aesthetic values.
Steps of Qualitative Study
1.	Identifying problem
There are differences in the process of determining problems between qualitative and quantitative study. In quantitative study, the problem must be clear, specific, and will not change from the beginning to the end of the study. On the other hand, qualitative study raises problem that is still grey, complex and dynamic. Therefore, the problems raised in qualitative study are temporary, tentative, and will continue to develop as long as the researcher conducts the study. A good qualitative study should involve changes in research problems, or even titles, after entering the field. It is considered that the researcher has been able to get out of the concepts and see the phenomenon more broadly and deeply in accordance with the actual social conditions in the field. There are differences between research problem and statement of problem. Problem is a deviation between dasa sollen and das sein, or there is a gap between what is supposed to be and fact in the field. 
Adapaun On the other hand, statement of problem is research questions arranged based on the problems that must be answered through data collection. Data from the problems can be gathered from documentation of results, preliminary observations, evaluations and statements of the trusted person (Sugiyono, 2014:206).

Problem before field study	Problem after field study	

Researcher enters field

Same problem

Problem

Problem develops

Problem

Problem

Problem changes

	
Figure 1. Prediction of Problems Before and After Researcher Entering Field

The formulation of qualitative study, particularly in psychological research, should refer to the main concepts of research, subjects who will participate in research, and the environment or place where the study will be conducted. The main concepts of qualitative research in psychology should lead to psychological concepts, such as attitude, self-concept, persuasion, happiness, hope, self-esteem, perception and prejudice (Hanurawan, 2016: 81).

One example of problem formulation in qualitative research is:
"How is the religious attitude towards transgender in Kelam Tengah village, Kaur Regency?"
"How is subjective well-being for children who live with stepparents in Air Mangayau village?”
Although there can be a change in the determination of the problem statement after the researcher goes to the field, the existence of problem formulation is very important to assist the researcher in determining the chosen research model, data collection tools, research participants, data analysis methods and validation methods.
2.	Selecting research approach model
The selection of research methods uses the principle of parsimony, which is to choose research methods that are in accordance with research problems and research needs. After the selection of research methods is determined, namely qualitative research, then the researcher must determine the research approach model. There are several models of approaches in qualitative research, including grounded theory, phenomenology, case studies, and ethnography (Hanurawan, 2016: 82). Johnson & Christensen (2014) in their book said that there are six models of approaches that can be used in qualitative research, namely the model of narrative inquiry approaches, case studies, phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory and historical research. 
The model of a grounded theory approach is a procedure for collecting data and analyzing field data with a natural background, with aim to develop new theories. This model uses a series of inductive strategies to process and analyze data. In practice, a researcher begins from a case or individual experience, and then develops towards conceptual categories. Conceptual categories are the result of identification, understanding, explanation and synthesis of the relationship between symptoms. Grounded theory approach contributes greatly to the ability of researchers in terms of performing strict procedures when checking, clarifying, and developing researchers' ideas and intuition towards data. Field research analysis begins and ends with data. The design of this approach model is very suitable for research on social psychology topics, such as motivation, personal experience, prejudice, cooperation and interpersonal conflict (Hanurawan, 2016; Charmas, 2006).
Furthermore, phenomenological approach model is a research procedure by looking at the phenomena that are happening in society. This model of approach emphasizes the way humans as research subjects interact with symptoms or phenomena that occur in society, both towards empirical objects and an event. The phenomenological approach is closely related to individual cognitive abilities. According to this approach, individuals, as cognitive, linguistic, and affective beings, have a relationship with speech, thoughts and emotional status. Relationships that occur between these three things are very complicated, so that individuals find it difficult to express what they think and feel. This makes the reason why individuals do not want to reveal themselves, so researchers must interpret the mental and emotional status of what is said by the individual.
The phenomenology approach can be used when a researcher wants to find out how individuals perceive certain situations that are being faced, and understand their personal and social conditions. This approach is particularly useful when the individuals are faced with complexity, process or something new (Smith, 2014: 102).
Meanwhile, the case study approach is a research approach that focuses on the specification of a particular case in an event happened to individuals, cultural groups or to a portrait of life (Creswell, 1998). The purpose of this approach is to describe the context in which a case occurs. The focus is primarily a discussion of themes, issues, and implications in a case (Johnson & Christensen, 2004: Hanurawan, 2014). If it is done correctly, case study can be a tool for developing theory, evaluating programs and making interventions (Baxter & Jack, 2008). Some psychologists who use case studies in their research models are Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget. They use case studies to describe and explore the psychological processes existed in an individual. The essence of case study approach is in the form of qualitative-narrative descriptions, so this research is less desirable, especially by adherents of positivistic psychology (Hanurawan, 2014).
The case study approach is mostly carried out by various experts with various developments tailored to the objectives of the research, including Yin (1998) who developed a qualitative descriptive case study with quantitative evidence. Baxter and Jack (2008) claimed that qualitative research with a case study approach can also be used in medical study. Merriam (1988) developed a case study approach in educational research. As for a sociologist, Hamel (1993) developed a qualitative case study approach to historical research (in Creswell, 1998). Based on the variety of research fields using the case study approach, Creswell (1998) suggested that the first step that researchers should take to develop case study research is to determine the type of case (single or collective cases), the location (in several places or one place) and the focus (a case or an issue). The second step, the case determined should be assessed from various aspects and perspectives of the problem. Then, determine the case is a process or event. The cases can be ordinary or unusual cases, also cases that are easily accessible or difficult to access.
The next interpretive research approach is ethnography. The purpose of this approach is to describe the cultural characteristics in an individual or group of people who are part of a particular cultural group (Johnson & Christensen, 2004). Based on these objectives, the use of ethnographic approaches in the field of psychology is to find and comprehensively describe the meaning of psychiatric or behavioral phenomena as an issue or topic of psychology in a particular cultural group (Hanurawan, 2014). This approach is also used to find out more about the beliefs, values, attitudes and language of a cultural group. Examples of the use of ethnographic approach are studies entitled "Collective Sustainability Behavior in the Ark Community in Bengkulu" (Marhayati, 2018) and "Prosocial Behavior in Javanese Ethnic Groups in Yogyakarta" (Hanurawan, 2014).
Researchers who conduct ethnographic approaches must be open and transparent to the respondents or cultural groups to be studied. The respondents must know about the objectives of the study, the consequences that will be caused, and even the sources of research funding. This is conducted to facilitate communication and gain trust from respondents or cultural groups to be studied (Creswell, 2012).
In addition to the four approaches above, there are still other approaches to interpretive study, including narrative inquiry, discourse analysis, and historical research. However, those studies are less popular to be used by psychology researchers, or there are still not many qualitative psychology researchers especially in Indonesia who use it as a research approach. 
3.	Data collection and data analysis
In qualitative research in the field of psychology, data collection can be performed in several ways, which are qualitative questionnaires, qualitative interviews, qualitative observations, secondary data, scientific journals and research notes. The data analysis, according to Hanurawan (2016), can be conducted with conventional data analysis techniques and data analysis techniques in accordance with the research approach.
Conventional analysis techniques are general analytical techniques that can be used on various research models or designs adjusted to the needs or objectives of the study. There are two types of conventional analysis technique: (1) qualitative content analysis technique where the researcher only studies the contents of the informants’ answers in accordance with the research objectives; (2) thematic analysis techniques where the researcher observes themes that arise from the answers of informants that relate to the categories of research objectives.
Afterwards, data analysis techniques that are consistent with the research approach. This analysis technique is also called special analysis technique because it is in accordance with the model approach used. Some data analysis techniques that are in accordance with the research approach model are phenomenological analysis technique and ethnographic analysis technique.
4.	Writing report of research results
The writing of research report in qualitative research generally has no standard rules. However, to obtain a qualitative research report that meets the criteria so that the intersubjectivity and readability of a research report is fulfilled, it is necessary to formulate a guideline for writing psychology research reports that uses a qualitative or interpretive paradigm approach. Hanurawan (2016) explained the guidelines for writing research reports as follows:
1.	Title, consisting of titles that must be concise, complete, descriptive, clear and specifically describe the model or type of research, the main psychological concepts of research, the subject or participants of the study and the location of the study.
2.	Summary, consisting of research objectives, research methods that include research approaches, research locations, research subjects, data collection tools, data analysis and validation techniques, and research findings. The summary is written in abstract when the report is published for a scientific journal.
3.	Introduction, consisting of background problems, research significance, problem formulation, research objectives and research advantages.
4.	Theoretical review or literature review is a theoretical explanation of the general concept, the results of research that are relevant to the psychological dynamics of the research object. 
5.	Methods. This section generally consists of: research design or approach, previous studies, identification of informants, data collection tools, data collection time, chronological data collection, analysis techniques and result validation.
6.	Research results, consisting of naturalistic backgrounds and research findings.
7.	Discussion. The discussion about the results of research or per the main categories of research results. It is conducted by comparing results with relevant theories, comparing results with field notes or other data collection tools, and researchers are also allowed to write critical reflections related to the data obtained during study period.
8.	Conclusions and suggestions.
9.	References
Researchers need to understand quantitative and qualitative research to explain a psychological phenomenon before conducting study. They also have to pay attention to parsimony principle and choose one research method. The parsimony principle is the application of economic principles in research. The purpose of parsimony principle both in the field of quantitative and qualitative research is for the effectiveness and efficiency of the research process through the selection of methodology. A researcher must be able to choose the easiest and simplest way to describe a psychological phenomenon (Hanurawan; 2016-75).
In addition to the parsimony principle, a qualitative researcher must consider:
1.	The chosen model or research approach (case study, phenomenology, ethnography or grounded theory)
2.	The method of selecting subjects is adjusted to the purpose of the study.
3.	The selection of data collection tools or data collection methods (observation, in-depth interview or documentation).
4.	The selection of data analysis methods or data analysis techniques (thematic analysis techniques, content analysis techniques, phenomenological analysis techniques or ethnography).
5.	The selection of result validation methods or techniques (triangulation or reverse confirmation to the research target group members).
6.	The selection of procedures for reporting research results (scientific journals, scientific seminars, or research results books).
The followings are some characteristics of the interpretive paradigm that qualitative interpretive researchers must know:
1.	Qualitative interpretive researchers should have an ontology view that reality comes from intersubjective social processes. This means that reality is considered to exist because it has been socially recognized by an intersubjective community.
2.	The epistemological view of interpretive paradigm is intersubjective or transactional in nature. This means that the validity of a research result is the result of agreement between the researcher and the research subjects. The transaction process occurred is called a knowledge transaction that naturally takes place in a social and language context.
3.	The axiological view of interpretive paradigm states that qualitative interpretive research is rich in both ethical and aesthetic values. This is because the research is directly connected to human life which is full of various values of life. Ethical values can be found from the time the researcher determines the title to the dissemination of research results. The aesthetic value can be seen in the ability of researchers to collect data, analysis data and write report that require their own aesthetic abilities from qualitative researchers to obtain results that are acceptable to all readers. Narrative art practices in qualitative research can be seen from the results of deep, lively and rich descriptions like most literary works (Hanurawan, 2014).
Rules for Qualitative Researchers
First thing to be considered in qualitative research is the process, then the results. In qualitative study, the researchers become the main instrument in data collection. Researchers must have the ability to think backward which is useful for choosing which data found in the field will be used and which will be discarded. The ability can also be used to re-identify the objectives of the study (McCaslin & Scott, 2003).
Taylor & Bogdan (1984), Creswell (1994), and Patton (1990) stated that by using qualitative approach, the researchers are trying to understand the subject based on their own thinking. Thus, the most important thing is the experience, opinions, feelings and knowledge of the researchers. There is no true or false data in qualitative research. All collected data are important. Based on this statement, a qualitative approach is often referred to as a humanistic approach since the researchers do not lose their humanity from a particular social life. Researchers are not limited by numbers, statistical calculations and variables that reduce individual uniqueness.
In addition to the field of psychology, medical field begins to use qualitative methods. Starks and Trinidad (2007) explained that the use of qualitative methods in medical field can be carried out by phonological approaches, discourse analysis and grounded theory. The purpose of phenomenology is to study how individuals interpret their life experiences, while discourse analysis is to understand the use of language in solving personal, social and political problems, while grounded theory aims to develop theories based on an understanding of social contexts. 

Conclusion 
The paradigm shift in science field is normal and it can happen when the past paradigm is not valid or irrelevant at a certain time. Even in the field of exact science, experiencing a paradigm shift is normal, as Thomas Khun refers such changes as a scientific revolution. Psychology, as a social science that has applied positivistic paradigms, needs to provide new paradigms, which are interpretive paradigm by using five qualitative approaches, namely phenomenology, case studies, ethnography, grounded theory and discourse analysis.
The weakness of interpretive paradigm study or qualitative research is that there are still diverse perspectives on the process of data analysis and few psychology researchers who want to apply the qualitative paradigm in their research.

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